Hoping to get a some recommendations on the best approach/tools and any available example information regarding them to make the following automations.  

I would prefer that when users are ready to convert a DEAL to a QUOTE that they are automatically (via a BUTTON or WORKFLOWS) moved to the QUOTE module either when they change the status of the DEAL to "Proposed" or they click a button.  

This would transfer over all of the available DEAL information into QUOTES and lock the DEAL fields to prevent future editing.   

When the QUOTE is either Won or Lost it would be preferable therefore that this is recorded in QUOTES - rather than DEALS - and that the change in Status is passed back to DEALS so the Pipeline/Deal reporting is accurate.  

NOT EXPECTING anyone to layout the entire process just hoping a few experts can advise on one or more of the following items:  

(A) Am I better off using a Button so this is user triggered or a Blueprint/Workflow?

(B) Is it even possible to change the rights to a field based on changes in data (this has much broader implications.  I must allow every consultant to see and edit "current/active" records, but do can NOT allow users to retroactively edit "completed/closed" records so hoping there is a trick that can be applied to multiple modules)?

(C) Can anyone provide an example or reference the best tool for triggering and copying data from one MODULE to another (I realize I would have to create new fields in DEALS to populate them)?

(D) Any obvious issues and recommendations for the possibility that a second QUOTE is created for the same DEAL?  All I want to do is update the status of the DEAL so assuming I just need a QUOTE status of something like "Revising/Negotiating" which would effectively "Close" that QUOTE and excluded from triggering and update/change to the DEAL Module (Deal still has a status of "Proposed" even though the proposal has changed).  Then